为您找到与浅析文化意识与翻译 语言文化的关系相关的共200个结果:
【论文关键词】翻译;文化意识
【论文摘要】作为跨文化交际的桥梁,语际间的翻译正起着不可替代的作用.每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养,所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言,而要力求表达两种文化思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。因此,翻译不仅仅是语言文字转换形式,更是不同文化的移植活动,翻译所涉及的不仅是两种语言,更是两种文化。译者不仅要掌握两种语言,还必须熟悉两种文化,以期作出更好译文.
一、翻译过程中出现的问题
(一)词汇空缺
我们在此所说的空缺是指原词语所载的文化信息在译语中没有其“对等语”。如产生于美国上个世纪60年代的“hippie(或hippy)",由于它是美国文化的赌徒产物,在汉语中也无相对应的词语,曾音译为“希比士”或“希比派”,现被译为“嬉皮士”,此译名虽比前两个译名要好些,但仍无法确切表达“hippie”一词的内涵,且有可能造成误解。虽然他们对当时的社会现实不满,生活方式与众不同,头蓄披肩长发,身着奇装异服,沉迷于酗酒吸毒,但他们并非是“嬉皮笑脸”的人,其中不少人对社会问题持有严肃的态度。还有些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语,在翻译中必须详加注释,说明该词的语用意义,才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化渊源。如:“我属鸡,我从不吃鸡,鸡年是我的本命年。”这句话的翻译应如下:"I wasborn in the Year of the Rooster. I never eatchicken. The Year of the Rooster will bring megood luck or bad luck.”(Chinese people tradi-tionally use 12 animals, representing the 12Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year inwhich a person is born. Spring Festival 1993,for example, is the first day of the Year of theRooster, people born in this year have the roost-er as their life symbol. All other years of therooster, according to an old Chinese saying,be-come either good or bad luck years for them.)西方文化中没有以动物配属人的出生年份的习俗,因此对于上句中出现的“属鸡”和“鸡年”所蕴含的文化内容是很难理解的,译者译出这些词语的指称意义,同时又详加注释,说明其内涵的意义,才能让英美读者比较完整地理解句意。比如”after-life"一词,英汉词典注明“来世”,但汉语的“来世”与英语的“afterlife”有巨大的差异。根据英语词典的释义," afterlife”为“an e.ristence a fterdeath",指的是人死后的灵魂生活。如电影Ghost(《人鬼情未了》)中,女主人与其情人的鬼魂相伴的感人故事。还有英国小说《呼啸山庄》中,男主人希斯克利夫死后其鬼魂与其情人的鬼魂相伴,出没在山谷中。但是在佛教中,不相信“永恒不变的灵魂”,其“来世”指的是人死后重新投胎而得来的“转世之世”,如梁山伯与祝英台死后化为蝴蝶,所“afterlife”译为“后世”或“来生”更好些。在中外文化中,英美人信奉基督教,中国人信奉儒教、道教和佛教。二者的差异是显而易见的,比如基督教和中国佛教中都有魔鬼,但前者指魔鬼为“撒旦”,而后者则称为“阎王”;虽然也有地狱,但前者有“地狱的最底层”,而后者则有“十八层地狱”一说。
(二)词义冲突
这里的冲突指词语所载的文化信息与译语的对应语所载的文化信息是相互矛盾的,也就是说,词语的表层指称意义相同,但词义深层所承载的文化涵义却不尽相同或者是相反。这类词语虽然不多,但在翻译中却不容忽视,稍有疏忽,便有失之毫厘.谬之千里的可能。如:""individualism"一词,其汉语对等语是“个人主义”,韦氏第九版《大英词典》中释义为“主张个人人格与经济上的独立,强调个人主动性、行为与兴趣的理论,以及由这种理论知道的实践活动”。在欧洲历史上,个人主义与中世纪的神权中心相对立,它在近代资本主义发展的历史进程中曾起过积极的作用。在美国,个人主义典型形象是殖民初期身扛长枪与斧头,敢于与饥饿、严寒及病痛作斗争的拓荒者(pioneer),这种个人奋斗精神作为整个民族的文化精髓被传承下来。因此,在西方人们重视个性的发展,普遍把个人主义视为实现自我价值的积极表现,“个人主义”被视为“拼搏进取”的同义语,明显具有积极的意义。但在汉民族文化中,《现代汉语词典》对个人主义定义为“一切从个人出发,把个人利益置于集体利益之上,只顾自己,不顾别人。”的错误思想。在中国文化的传统观念中,人们崇尚“大公无私”、“克己奉公”、“一心为公”,提倡“毫不为己,专门为人”,处于这样的文化氛围中的“个人主义”具有明显的贬义。
(三)语义联想
借喻寓意,触景生情,这是日常生活和文学作品中常见的语言现象。但由于不同的民族文化氛围和自然生态环境的影响,对于同一种景象,不同的民族会有不同的情感反应或不同的予以联想。所以,翻译时应考虑汉英词语感情色彩差异。如:“金鸡鞋油:颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝。”其英文译文为:"Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes inblack, brown, white, red, yellow and blue.”“金”字在汉语中有四种涵义:(1)金属的总称;(2)钱;<3)古代金属制的打击乐器;<4)黄而发亮的色彩。而作为十二生肖之一的“鸡”,在中国人心中可产生不同的联想。"rooster”一词为“雄鸡”,很容易让人联想到“雄鸡报晓”的说法。而“cock”一词除了表“公鸡”,也是男性性器官的婉称。”chicken”一词意义模糊,有懦弱、胆怯之意,英语中也有“as timid as chicken”一说,再说,“chick-en”所具备的语用意义与原文不符。在此,译文使用“rooster"一则避免了歧义的产生,二则在感情上也容易为英语读者接受。因此,"goldenrooster"具有可读性和可接受性,同时又保留了原文的语用意义和指称意义,体现了原文的信息功能、表情功能和祈使功能,达到了意义相符、功能相似的要求。针对以上的问题,译者在翻译过程中对有不少文化特色浓郁的词语,应该本着一个总的原则:一方面要尽可能传达原语的文化特色;另一方面又要逾越译语文化和译语读者可接受的限度。具体来说,对于有文化特色的词语,可以采用文化意识冲突的转换策略。
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二、文化意识冲突的转换方法
(一)移植法
一般来说,带有异域文化特色的表达方式往往都是些形象化语言。英汉之间文化的差异,往往就体现在使用不同的形象,或相同的形象具有不同的联想意义。保留住原文的形象化语言,就等于为中国读者保留下了了解英美语言文化的机会。同时,新鲜形象的不断引人,也有助于提高汉文化对异域文化的解释或消化能力。因此,对于英语中文化内涵丰富的词语,若有可能,应当尽量采取保留形象的译语,使之成为汉语中的“新鲜血液”。如:"In the country of the blind, the one一eyed man is the king.”这句的中文意思近似汉语中的“蜀中无大将,廖化冲先锋”,虽意义上很对应,但这种译法多少还是有点文化失真,因为在西方人写的作品中,硬插进去一个中国的典故,但很难会被英美读者所接受。若把它译成“盲人国里,独眼人称王”就会更形象些,因为这样就能把其文化特色忠实地传译出来。有时,这种移植法也可称为直译法。不过,由于英汉在语音文化上的差异,有时仅仅采取直译法还不能完全达意,而必须进行一定的增补。如:在美国中篇小说《街头女郎玛吉》中,有一句母亲对女儿的话:"All after allher bringing一up all, what I tol her an talkedwid her, she goes tech’d bad, like a duck thewater.”(S Crane:Maggie: A Girl of theStreets)其译文为:“我生她养她,叮泞来嘱咐去,她还是去做那伤风败俗的事,跟鸭子下水一样有瘾头。”在上海译文《英汉大辞典》中,"like a duckto water"是个英语成语,意思是:“像鸭子人水般的;很自然地;轻而易举地”。若采用“坏事一学就会”的译法,意思是能表达出来,但毕竟表达得不够味。一是不符合一个没教养的粗俗人的说话口吻,二是丢掉了“鸭子下水”这个形象的比喻,而上面所引译文在直译成“跟鸭子下水一样”之外,又补上了“有瘾头”三个字,既生动形象,又切合说话人的口吻,起到了形神皆似的效果。
(二)借用法
所谓借用法就是用汉语现成的俗语来传移英语的俗语。此种译法主要有两种情况:一是英语中有不少表达方式在意思和形象上同汉语的表达方式非常相似,或非常相近,我们完全可以采取“拿来主义”的用法,用这些相似或相近的汉语现成表达方式来传译。例如“Like father, like son(尤其父必有其子)", "Castle in the air(空中楼阁)", "Walls have ears隔墙有耳)", "Habit issecond nature(习惯成自然)”。这些表达方式可谓意同形同,可以完全借用。另外一种便是英语中有许多表达方式虽然在汉语中找不到“形同意同”的对等表达方式,但却可以找到“形异而意同”的表达方式,这时也可以借用这些现成的表达方式来传译。如:1. " have an axe to grind"(别有用心);2."leave no stone unturned"(千方百计、想方设法);3. "Great minds think alike"(英雄所见略同);4. "The spirit is willing, but the flesh isweak(心有余而力不足)”。以上四例中,前两句的形象表达无法移植,第三句若译成“有才智的人想法一致”,就会失去原文的精炼之美,第四句若译成“精神上是愿意的,肉体上是虚伪的”,不仅形式有失精炼,意义也会不明确。
(三)意译法
意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原文的内容相符合。例如:“在农村,特别是比较偏僻落后的农村,还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。”其译文为:"In China’s more remote andbackward rural areas, corrupt practices exists inthe form of forced marriages.”中国是一个有着几千年封建社会历史的国家,其语言带有历史的烙印。过去,儿女的婚姻皆听从父母之命、媒约之言,这里所说的“包办买卖婚姻”是封建社会的产物,现代西方人不曾经历过,也不太熟悉。若译成"arranged or bought and sold marriages",既冗长又难懂,没有表达出这种婚姻的强迫性,会造成原文信息功能和表情功能的损失,影响文化交流。碰到这种情况,译者可以只传达原文的主要精神,这里,“包办买卖婚姻”被意译成“forced marria-ges","forced"一词道出了这种婚姻的种种无奈和作者对此种作法所持的否定态度,也容易在西方人心中引起共鸣。至于如何包办、如何买卖并不是原文所要突出的主要信息,而且因其是一种已经消亡的社会文化残余,也没必要强调语言的地方色彩,所以,译者通过意译,较好地传达了原文的主要功能—信息功能和表情功能。再如《走下神坛的毛泽东))(权延赤),其译名为__——Man, Not God。毛泽东是中国人民的伟大领袖,为新中国的创立和建设做出了不可磨灭的贡献,曾受到人们神圣般的爱戴和敬仰。该书从生活而不是政治的角度展现了毛泽东作为一个普通人的性格和经历。如果将译名直译为Mao Zedong Who Walked Down the Shrin。有以下不妥:<1)从信息功能看,译文未全面忠实地传达原文信息,“走下神坛”只是作者采用的修辞手段来强调这位伟大政治家的另一面—人情味,与一般时期中国人民将毛泽东过于神圣化形成对比。然而直译的译文不存在这个意义,因为西方人并没有将毛泽东当神看待,而且由于宗教信仰不同,中国的神也不是外国的神,因此,直译容易引起误解;(2)从美感功能上看,原文文字简练、生动形象,能产生美感效应,若直译的话,译文会太长,语言也会太平淡,失去了美感功能;现在的译文不仅文字简练,对比强烈,也迎合了西方人注重人性和人情味的心里,起到了功能相似的作用。我们都知道,语言与文化密不可分。语言是文化的载体,文化又是语言的土壤。语言是文化的有机组成的部分,而且是极其重要的一部分,它记录着人类文伟的发展,反映社会文明进步成果,是交流、传播、延续好发展文化的工具;但语言也不能脱离文化而存在,总是生产在一定的文化背景中。在语言活动过程中,处处都有文化所谓烙印,时时可见文化的踪迹。当今世界中,正是经济全球化的进程中,信息传播日新月异,人员交流日益频繁,跨文化交际日趋广泛。翻译作为跨文化交际的桥梁正起着不可替代的作用。因为每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养,所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言,还必须力求表达两种文化思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。因此,翻译不仅仅是语言文字转换形式,更是不同文化的移植活动,翻译所涉及不仅是两种语言,更涉及两种文化。
总之,语言是传达文化信息的,因而往往含有本民族的文化信息。不过,值得注意的是,语言的文化内涵并非总是一成不变的,而是有浓厚淡薄之别。在不同的语言中,有些言语的“共性”大一些,民族“特性”少一些,有些言语的民族“特性”大一些,“共性”少一些。认识到这一点,我们就可以把握一些原则,使得译语更加地道、贴切,更易于让读者接受。
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论文关键词:文化意识 翻译 文化差异
论文摘要:本文用述了文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系,论证了文化翻译的理论基藕。本文认为:翻译者应有文化意识,应对文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构进行研究,探索文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律。
1、引言
文化翻译是指在文化研究的大语境下来考察翻译,即对各民族间的文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构的共性和个性进行研究,探讨文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律。它要求译语要从文化的角度准确地再现原语所要传达的意义、方式及风格,译者不但要有双语能力,而且还有双文化乃至多文化的知识,特别是要对两种语言的民族心理意识、文化形成过程、历史习俗传统、宗教文化以及地域风貌特性等一系列互变因素均有一定的了解。
2、语言是文化的载体,翻译时必须具备文化意识
语言是文化的载体,同时又是文化的重要组成部分,语言和文化是一个互为依存、密不可分的整体。德国语言学家洪堡特(Wilhelm von Humboldt)早就指出:语言是自我的表达,也是文化的反映。
世界上没有哪一种语言能离开特定的文化,任何语言都充满了人类文化活动的痕迹,不仅体现了本民族的自然环境、历史渊源、风土人情、传统习惯,而且也透视着该民族的宗教信仰、文化心态、思维方式、价值观念。语言和文化相互作用,相互影响,理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化又必须了解语言。有时即便对某个成语典故的文化含义有所了解,但是如果在翻译中不能根据语境灵活处理,也有可能达不到“传真”的效果。比如“a dog in the manger"常被直译为“狗占马槽”,但用在下面的两例中似乎就不合适了。
例一:Let me have the skates。You don’ t know how to skate。Don’ t be a dog in the manger。
译文:把冰鞋给我,你不会滑冰,不要狗占马槽。
(此句中Don’ t be a dog in the man-ger‘译成“不要占着茅坑不拉屎”为妥。)
例二:There you are the dog in the manger! You won’ t let him discuss your affairs,and you are annoyed when he talks about his own。
译文:你狗占马槽于你不让他谈你的事,可他讲他自己的事你又恼了。
(此句中There you are the dog in the manger译为“你不干还不让别人干!”才达意。)
语言中的文化差异还表现在宗教信仰上。英汉两个民族的宗教信仰不同,英美人信奉__,中国人信奉儒教、道教和佛教,这是众所周知的,自然也会体现在语言方面。英语中出现的文化主要是__文化《圣经》在整个西方文明的形成和发展中起了不可估量的作用。与之相应的是在我国影响极为深远的佛教文化。两种文化在思维习惯上、语言表达形式上,词汇意象和含义上,都有着自己的特色,故翻译时特别要引起注意。例如Hawkes把《红楼梦》中的“阿弥陀佛”竟然译成”Godbless my soul0,把上帝拿来代替佛教的无量寿佛,这很可能让西方人以为中国人也信奉上帝。这样的译文大大地削减了中国文化内涵。又如“天诛地灭”这一成语运用“天”、“地”作为最高权力的象征,但它只能适用于深受天道观影响的中国,故不能用反映__信仰的”God”取代。再比如说,__和中国的教虽然都有魔王,但前者的魔王是“撒旦”,后者的魔王则是“阎(罗)王”;虽然都有地狱,但前者有“地狱的最底层”,而后者则有“十八(层)地狱”·一这些都是混淆不得的。然而,在我国的翻译文字中,我们又不时可以见到这种宗教概念“错位”的现象。例如:
The two gigantic Negroes that now laid hold of Tom,with fiendish exultation in their faces,might have formed no unapt personification of powers of darkness。
译文:这时,那两个高大的黑人把汤姆一把抓住,脸上流露出魔鬼般的喜悦神色(那模样活像是阎罗王再世)。
把__的魔鬼撒旦,改换成佛教、也是中国冥界的主管阎罗王,这种“张冠李戴”的结果,势必使不明真相的读者陷人迷误,使明白真相的读者感到困惑。
语言中的文化差异,不仅表现在宗教信仰上,而且渗透在文化的各个领域,包括千差万别的历史背景传统观念、风俗习惯,以及迥异的语言表达方式。以扎克斯的短篇小说《父亲失约》为例。故事中的笠父亲”是个美国人,年轻时去丹麦旅游爱上了一个丹麦姑娘。由于双方的家人坚决反对这起亲事,美国人只得回国筹措资金。资金筹足后,他给情人写了个约会日期:"12/11/1973"。等他1973年12月11日去赴约时,不仅没见到自己的恋人,而且获悉她两周前嫁给了别人。故事中的儿子了这个谜:父亲写的那个日期在美国是“12月11日”,在丹麦等欧洲国家却是"11月12日”!于是,父亲恍然大悟:原来他的情人去赴约了,因为没见到他才决定嫁给别人的!显然,这位父亲当初给情人写日期时,全然没有想到美国和丹麦的日期会有两种写法,也就是说,他是吃了没有文化意识的亏。
这个故事给翻译带来的启示是:译者必须具有文化意识。所谓的文化意识,就是译者要认识到翻译既是跨语言、又是跨文化的信息交流,而文化的差异跟语言的差异一样,可能成为交流的障碍。缺乏文化意识的译者,可能只顾到字面上的转换,而忽视了语言背后的文化问题,一心只想到汉语中寻找“地道”的对应词,终而导致了不应有的误译。
从以上的译例可以看出,译者仅仅具有语言对比意识是不够的,还必须具有敏锐的文化对比意识。要做到这一点,译者一方面要熟谙原文语言信息中所包含的文化内涵,另一方面又要非常了解本民族的文化,以便能敏锐地体察到两国文化的异同。
3、翻译不仅是语际转换,也是跨文化转换
翻译是文化交流的工具,承担着帮助人类沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的神圣使命。现在,人们普遍认识到,翻译不仅是语际转换,更是一种跨文化转换。在某种意义上,语言的转换只是翻译的表层,而文化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。因此,要更深刻、更贴切地传递原文的内在信息,译者必须探明英汉双语的文化特征及其差异,并将双语的文化内涵恰当地“对接”起来,真实地再现原文的面貌。
鲁迅早在1935年就说过:翻译的“首先的目的,就在博览外国的作品,不但移情,也要益智,至少是知道何地何时,有这等事,和旅行外国,是很相像的:它必须有异国情调,就是所谓洋气。”这就是说,译者做翻译的首要目的,是尽量真实地向译语读者介绍异域文化、异国情调,让他们如实地认识世界,了解世界。所以,译者应把尽量保存原文的异国情调、进而忠实地传达原文的内容,视为翻译的“首先的目的”。例如:
Like a hair shirt or a bed of nails,the more one hates it,the more virtuous it makes one feel。
译文:就像穿刚毛衬衣、睡钉子床一样,你越是不喜欢,就越觉得自己品行高尚。(注:刚毛衬衣、钉子床,系苦行者或忏悔者用来磨难自己的两种工具。)
译者采取移植手法来传译hair shirt和bed of nails,并在后面加T注释,中国读者读后就会知道,西方人将刚毛衬衣和钉子庆用作磨难自己的工具。无疑,这样的译法会对目的语读者产生“益智”的作用。
翻译作为文化交流的工具,是无法做到“语言传真”的,但却可以要求“文化传真”。“文化传真”可以说是在“更大语境”下做翻译。有时候,一句话,从语言对等的角度考虑,可以得出一个译法,而从文化传真的角度考虑,可能得出另一个译法,而且可能是更高一筹的译法。例如:
Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business, Charles Krug Winery.
译文:查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂使蒙特维兄弟忘了手足情谊,他们为争夺这份家业而结怨成仇。
英语中有一个谚语,叫“血浓于水”(Blood is thicker than water),意思是说“亲人总比外人亲”。显然,上句话中的wine is thicker than blood是对该谚语的模拟变体,意思是说,那兄弟俩把“酒”(酒厂)看得比“血"(手足之情)还重,结果反目成仇。所引译文用一简单的“忘了手足情谊”来传译这一形象语言,读者自然体会不到原文精妙的文化内涵。其实,这句话可以翻译为:对于蒙特维兄弟来说,酒浓于血,他们为了争夺查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂这份家业,而斗得不可开交。
翻译的任务“不但在输入新的内容,也在输人新的表现法”。翻译不仅要考虑语言的差异,而且要密切注视文化的差异,文化差异处理的好坏,往往是翻译成败的关键。语言可以转换,甚至可以归化,但文化特色却不宜改变,特别不宜归化,一定要尽量真实地传达出来。
例如,神话传说与经典著作的差异。不同民族的神话传说与经典作品中产生了许许多多的习语与典故,反映了民族风味、社会世态,使各民族的语言充满了情趣与活力,具有独特的表现力。如英语中:"Think with the wise,but talk with the vulgar."(与智者同思,与俗子同语)出自古希腊格言:"swan song”是根据西方传说swan(天鹅)临死时发出美妙的歌声,用来比喻“诗人、音乐家等的最后的作品”。又如"Sour grapes"(酸葡萄)出自《伊索寓言》,比喻“可要可不及的东西”,汉语中有“万事俱行,只欠东风”、“逼上梁山”、“叶公好龙”等,以上例子说明在民族各自丰富的文化遗产中产生的语词包含着丰富的民族文化意味,构成了各民族语言表达方式的鲜明独特性,是其他语言文化所不能替代的。在翻译过程中应尊重各民族文化词语的特点与个性,保留语言存在和表现的形式。
此外,价值观与审美意识的差异。由于文化的差异导致人们的价值观及审美意识的不同,导致人们对同一事物有着不同的甚至截然相反的观点和看法。在价值观念方面体现在个体与集体的观念不同,个人价值至上是西方文化的特点,英语中有不少表现语词的个人进取、个人力量、个人意志,如:"Where there is a will,there is a way。”(有志者,事竞成);"Everyman is the architects of his own fortune."(自己的幸福靠自己);"You have to blow your own horn.(应吹自己的号角)。与西方“海洋民族”相对的中国“农耕民族”崇尚社团价值至上,无我精神。如:“单丝不成线,独木不成林”、“大公无私”。群体取向使中国人性格内向、含蓄,不愿引人注目,因而产生了“树大招风,人大惹议”、“人怕出名猪怕壮”等。在审美取向方面,中国传统喜庆偏向红色装饰,而西方则多为白色,汉语中的红茶,英译为“black tea"。以上例子表明,英汉文化在价值观和审美观方面的差异影响语词的翻译。
4、结语
总之,英汉民族存在的文化差异决定了语词表达形式及词义的选择,在翻译过程中,译者应充分考虑原语词所包含的民族文化与语言个性,充分理解语词所蕴含的独特的文化意味,尽可能结合原文的文化背景,保持原文的语言风格、语言形式及艺术特色。
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以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是语言文学论文:汉字与汉文化的关系。具体内容如下,希望能够够帮助到大家:
汉字与汉文化的关系
中华民族五千年的文明之所以能够保存并流传后世,这主要归功于汉字。汉字与汉文化密不可分,其构形及发展凝聚着汉民族深刻的文化内涵,积淀和保留着汉民族观察世界及其自身的思维成果和心智,其本身蕴涵和展示着一个丰富多彩的汉民族文化世界和精神世界。
人是群居动物,人类的实践活动都在一定的群体中进行,长期的群体生活形成的共同的行为和生活方式相沿成习,渐渐形成一种风俗。风俗文化是人类最早的文化现象之一,是一个民族特殊的文化意识形态,源于社会生活,随着社会的发展而变迁。
任何民族都有各自特有的风俗习惯,汉民族的独特风俗文化离现在已有几千年之久,但我们却可以从汉字及用汉字所记载的文献中窥见一斑。例如“穴居野处”“茹毛饮血”等词,真实而形象地再现了汉民族先民的居住条件和饮食方式。
汉民族的风俗中,最受重视的莫过于春节。春节是众多节日中最盛大的,贴红联、放鞭炮、吃饺子……习惯上又把过春节称为过年,那么“年”究竟是怎样来的呢?相传在远古时代,有一种猛兽叫“年”,逢新旧岁之交,就出来糟蹋庄稼,伤害人畜。一次,它又跑出来为非作歹,被一家门口晾的红衣服吓跑了,到了另一处又被灯光和爆竹声吓得抱头鼠窜。于是人们掌握了“年”的弱点。每至辞旧迎新之际,就贴红联,放鞭炮,拢柴火,把年吓跑。久而久之便成了过年的习俗。但这只是传说,其实“年”字,最初为“农作物生长周期”之意,由于汉字形体的楷化而失去了最初的意义。造字之初,“年”是谷穗沉沉下垂的形象,是收获的象征,所谓“五谷熟曰年”。农作物从播种到成熟是一个生长周期,庄稼成熟之时,人们不免要庆祝一番。从此,每当四季轮回一次之际,就出现这种庆祝丰收和和祭神祀祖的活动。但由于中国人的实用主义倾向,这种活动逐渐从娱神发展到自娱,久而久之便形成了一种约定俗成的节日,即“年”。今天的过年习俗就是由此演变而来,年的习俗反映出一种世俗的快乐。
任何一个汉字,都是一幅构思巧妙的图画,蕴藏着一些汉民族远古的风俗习性,渗透到人类生活的每个角落,并随着社会的发展而不断向前发展演变,与时俱进。
以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。由于汉字具有表意作用,视觉形象鲜明,有助于启发我们形象性的联想,因此用汉字记录的诗歌,就像一幅幅鲜活生动的画面,读者能够抛开语音语法层面而直接进入诗情画意中。因此中国古代诗歌富于形象性,意境含蓄优美,是汉字自身的特点形成了古代诗歌特有的形式美。
《诗经》是我国古代诗歌的瑰宝,基本都是四言的,而《楚辞》是在四言基础上发展而来,大体上是六言加上兮字,兮字起凑足音节、使音节整齐的作用。例如:
蒹葭苍苍,白露为霜。
所谓伊人,在水一方。《诗经?蒹葭》
余幼好此奇服兮,年既老而不衰。
带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔巍。《楚辞?涉江》
古体诗和近体诗大多数是五言和七言,如律诗,绝句,五古,七古等(七古例外,有时在七言句中夹杂一些杂言的句子)。律诗每首八句,有五言和七言的;绝句每首四句,也分五言和七言。“五言诗”每行五个字,如唐代诗人王勃的五律诗《送杜少甫之任蜀州》:“城阙辅三秦, 风烟望五津。……”全诗共八句,每句五个字,长短相同,字数相等,整齐匀称;“七言诗”每行七个字,如苏轼的《题西林壁》:“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”整首诗共四句,形式整齐。字字如诗,句句如画,无限的意蕴孕于其中。
对仗是汉语律诗的一个基本要求。对仗即对偶,是指说话或写作时,某些文字,在邻近的地方有跟它成双配对的文字出现。平仄相间,抑扬顿挫,形成一种和谐的声律美。如杜甫《春望》:
国破山河在,(仄仄――平平――仄)
城春草木深。(平平――仄仄――平)
上下两句平仄、节奏相对,每句有三个节奏点,平仄相间,抑扬交错,节奏鲜明。
对仗的文字相互衬托,互相照应,使所表达的意义更加丰富、精炼、确切。声音上,对偶的文字彼开此合,彼收此放,声音抑扬,和谐悦耳。利用汉字的特点,也形成了许多汉民族文化特色的修辞,除对偶之外还有顶真、回文、析字,复叠等,使诗歌无论在形式上还是意蕴上都独具特色。
对联又称楹联,采诗词曲赋骈文之精华,是汉字文化和文学的派生物。对联的基础是对偶修辞格,在对仗方面有严格的要求。在相对位置上要虚实相同,平仄相反。如:
墙上芦苇,头重脚轻根底浅。
山间竹笋,嘴尖皮厚腹中空。
“墙”对“山”,“芦苇”对“竹笋”,“头”对“嘴”,“脚”对“皮”,“根”对“腹”,是名词对名词;“重”对“尖”,“轻”对“厚”,“浅”对“空”,是形容词对形容词;“上”对“间”,“底”对“中”,是方位词对方位词。“墙上”与“山间”是方位词组;“芦苇”与“竹笋”是联合式;“头重”与“嘴尖”、“脚轻”与“皮厚”都是主谓式;“根底”与“腹中”都是方位词,而“根底浅”、“腹中空”又都是主谓结构。不但词类相同,虚实相当,字数相等,而且结构相应。当然,对联中也存在宽对,如:青山有幸埋忠骨,白铁无辜铸佞臣。
对联之美在于对称、对比和对立的统一,讲究对仗与平仄,声律抑扬和谐,因而具有对称平衡之美。而且对联具有广泛性,公开性,形式灵活。随着社会的发展,对联的应用已经渗透到社会生活的诸多方面,如春节、装饰、婚丧、广告等。虽然对联只是汉字文化长河中的一个小小的支流,但却有旺盛的生命力,是汉文化的活细胞。
由汉字的特点而形成的具有汉民族特色的文化事项是形形色色的,汉文化之所以具有如上所述的特色,当归因于汉字。汉字是汉民族之根,本身有极其丰富的内涵,是我们探究汉文化,研究汉民族的绝好材料。
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随着科学技术、世界经济持续发展,人们生活水平不断提高,使得人们对文化生活的要求达到了前所未有的程度,有计划、有目的的旅游成为了许多人生活方式的重要组成部分。 近年来,随着环境保护运动的开展和旅游者受教育程度的提高,以保护生态为宗旨而开发的生态旅游,以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:民俗博物馆地域文化保护与旅游发展的关系浅析相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:民俗是各个民族及社会群落在悠久的历史长河中形成的稳定的民间文化习俗,是传统文化在地域、时代间的传承。作为保留着大量传统文化艺术的民俗文化,富有很高的精神价值。民俗文化的保护与推广,由于零散而十分艰辛繁琐,博物馆化的保存与利用则是一种十分重要的方式。面对市场化的环境,民俗博物馆必须处理好文化保护与经济生存两方面的复杂关系。
关键词:民俗博物馆;地域文化保护;旅游发展;关系分析
在改革开放之前,我国的民俗博物馆的数量非常稀少。改革开放之后,各地均开始大量地兴建民俗博物馆。尤其在经济发展之后的如今,在消费化的旅游,民俗博物馆更是如雨后春笋一样地出现,在民俗旅游的经济动力及压力倒逼之下,民俗文化的商品化、同质化、庸俗化,很大程度上影响其完好的保护与传播。
1.1 当代民俗文化保存传承面临的形势
我国历史悠久、民族众多、文化传承历久而弥坚。但是,近代进来,受到西方文明经济文化的冲击十分巨大。建国以后,在漫长的时间里,又面临严峻的国内及国际形势,文化传承出现断层。改革开放以后,虽然文化传统开始复苏,但是又面临高速的经济发展导致的拜金主义、唯利主义思潮的冲击,同时城市化的发展与广大乡村地区的逐渐凋零,也使得民俗文化自然存在的土壤被破坏。
1.2 当代民俗文化保存传播的主要形式
当前,民俗文化与民间艺术的保护与传播主要依靠以下几种形式:民俗博物馆、生态博物馆、民俗文化旅游。民俗博物馆强调民俗风物的保存保护、利用展示与组织特色活动进行民俗文化的传播,常常利用传统文物古建等为依托,如福建闽西的土楼民俗博物馆。生态博物馆往往以至今还存在的社会群落为依托,他们还居住在古来的村落中,按照古老的习俗与生态在生存,这往往也是民俗旅游的一种主要形式。
民俗文化旅游则涵盖面极广,而且往往与地域的自然生态景观旅游相结合。以产业化的民俗旅游业来看,大多数都是以民俗文化村、民俗文化古建等为主要依托开展活动。
当前的民俗博物馆,事实上有两大类,一类是依托文物的传统博物馆,一类是功利性极强的“人造民俗馆”。前者是当前的主体,但是其往往在旅游策划上下的功夫不足,缺乏主动参与市场竞争并弘扬传统文化的精神,在运营上往往是低调地等待参观者上门。而在民俗风物展示中,往往也以单调的文物及风物展示为主,缺乏如同生态博物馆那样的“接地气”,使得民俗展示成为了一种抽象的概念,使得参观者无法深刻感受民俗文化的魅力。
人造民俗博物馆,在底蕴上有很大欠缺,开业时由于宣传与人们的好奇心理,往往能火爆一段时间,之后则客源不断流失,甚至难以生存。传统民俗博物馆,还要担负较重的文物保护工作,在旅游经营上,所下的精力往往不足,旅游活动组织时往往缺乏内涵,甚至只是以文物撑场面,但毕竟不是个个都是秦始皇兵马俑博物馆,无法将内涵展示出来,终也只会流失客源,导致经费短缺。而依赖政府,毕竟不是长久的发展之道。
因此,发展旅游、自力更生、生存并求发展,要与落实保护、展示底蕴、提高内涵相结合,才能更好地处理文物保护与开拓市场之间的关系。
民俗博物馆作为民俗文化保护与传播的重要途径,应该认识到其不仅仅是单调的保护而展示,还应该将之形成一种文化景观与氛围,并利用民俗旅游进行民俗文化推广与传播。
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节式植入广告能灵活地将产品的特性和诉求点融入到整个剧情中,使某品牌商品成为情节开展的主线,成为推动整个故事情节的有机组成部分,达到“广告不象广告”的最佳境界。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:浅析好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的关系相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考:
浅析好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的关系
到20世纪70年代,好莱坞还一直竭力避免在电影中出现产品的商标或名称。后来,植入式广告正式发展为由厂家免费提供产品作为电影背景道具、演员使用道具或被演员提及。在1980年之前,企业为电影提供所需的产品作为道具,作为交换,电影制作方在最后放映时,会将该品牌在观众面前曝光,这种广告也叫做“潜意识广告”,它就相当于现在的植入式广告。
上世纪80年代后,随着硬广告铺天盖地地袭来,消费者逐渐产生审美疲劳,这使得植入式广告开始迅速发展成熟。今天,好莱坞电影中的植入式广告以迅速成长为一个数百万美元的产业。企业营销者会花少则几千美元,多则几百万美元将自己的产品植入到电影中。
(一)置景道具式植入
置景道具植入是最古老的电影广告的植入方式。在《007》系列电影中,詹姆斯.邦德驾驶的一辆辆豪华车成为全世界瞩目的焦点,让观众留下了不可磨灭的印象。而在《黄金眼》中,皮尔斯-布鲁斯南作为了新邦德的代表,在电影中用上了德国的宝马,并跟主角出现感情的连线。宝马的情感诉说不仅在连续的《007》电影中得到了加强,也使宝马汽车公司产生了12亿美元的溢价。这种类型的植入,一方面满足了电影本身情节的需要,另一方面符合了时代潮流,不会给观众一种矛盾感和冲突感,这也是符合了大众文化当中的时代性。
(二)对白式植入
在《时尚女魔头》中,梅丽尔?斯特里普告诉安妮海瑟薇:“我要10-15条Calvin Klein的裙子,去‘59号餐厅’确定明天8点的座位。”安妮海瑟薇的同事艾米丽说:“马琳达要你去爱马仕拿她定的25条围巾。”“马琳达回来时要喝热的星巴克咖啡。”时尚总监Nigel在替安妮海瑟薇改变形象时说:“你需要香奈儿,非常需要香奈儿。”之后,脱胎换骨的安妮海瑟薇对着惊讶万分的艾米丽说:“是的,我穿的是香奈儿的靴子。”对白式的植入广告迎合的是美国独特的说话方式。美国的大众文化中包括的一个大部分就是他们说话的自由、随意、表情微动。而对白式的植入广告正好贴合了这一点。
(三)情节式植入
情节式植入广告能灵活地将产品的特性和诉求点融入到整个剧情中,使某品牌商品成为情节开展的主线,成为推动整个故事情节的有机组成部分,达到“广告不象广告”的最佳境界。在电影《变形金刚》中有这样一个情节:主人公被变形金刚盯上引来一堆麻烦,原因是主人公在易趣开了一个店贩卖他的一副眼镜,他不知道这副眼镜镜片上印有一串密码。像这样的情节植入能给观众留下很深的印象,把品牌融入剧情就等于和电影融为一体了。
(四)场景式植入
看过《史密斯行动》的人都知道,片中主角之一女杀手朱莉配备的是当前全球相当顶级的坚固型笔记本松下TOUGHBOOK CF-29。在影片中,这款笔记本成为了朱莉在野外行动时的得力助手。不管是在野外的狂奔,还是在爆炸中生存,松下CF-29都表现出了抗震、防摔的特性。这种植入广告的方式不仅体现了产品的特性和性能,同时还在影片中毫无违和感。
(五)拍摄地植入
《偷天陷阱》使马来西亚的双子塔成为马来西亚的象征;而随着《哈利波特》的热映,近苏格兰爱丁堡的Alnwick古堡和伦敦的国王十字火车站成为了来自世界各地的“哈迷”们的旅游目的地;当魔幻巨片《指环王3》一举捧走11座奥斯卡小金人之后,作为影片主要取景地的新西兰小镇马塔马塔-皮亚科,立刻受到世人的瞩目,这同时带动了整个新西兰的旅游产业。旅游文化在大众文化中能够得以体现,一大部分原因就是因为拍摄地植入广告,这是一种迎合大众口味的方式。
(一)好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的契合性
这种契合性主要体现在两个方面:第一是与好莱坞电影文化的契合。其植入广告是具备了满足剧情需要、不妨碍情节发展、合理体现生活内涵等特点,这种植入方式与好莱坞电影文化是不相违背的。第二是与美国大众文化的契合。美国人民对好莱坞植入广告反感吗?肯定有一部分人是反感的。但是在当今社会,大多数人并不会有这样的反感意识,这就涉及到植入广告的所属产品和美国大众文化之间的关系。无论是汽车、服装、餐饮,都是极大程度地契合着美国的大众文化,产品本身的植入与电影受众的契合,也更加保证了电影的卖座和产品的营销。
(二)好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的互补性
互补性即为双反各取所需、各有所补。一方面,好莱坞的电影需要这些生活中的商品进行情节推动,另一方面,这些商品也需要这些大票房的电影进行营销宣传,最重要的是,受众们在文化当中潜移默化接受的熏陶能够来接受这些植入广告。在《大力水手》中,大力水手波比的那句“我很强壮,我爱吃菠菜,我是大力水手波比”深入人心,殊不知,《大力水手》是一个菠菜罐头厂家赞助拍摄的。
《我,机器人》里的威尔--史密斯大声地说:“我只穿2004年产的匡威鞋”。在《我的希腊婚礼》(My Big Fat Greek Wedding)中,女主角说:“我老爸只相信两件事,第一件事是要教育美国人,第二件事是任何身体上的问题,不管是红疹或是鸡眼,只要喷Windex就会好了……”。这些植入广告都是美国大众文化的一部分,因此与大众文化之间的互补也体现了出来。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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[论文关键词」汉、英习语文化信息错译文化信息欠额文化信息超额直译意译
〔论文摘要」汉、英习语语义的不对应性包括汉英习语指称意义以及联想意义的不对应性。这种不对应性导致习语翻译中出现了三种翻译错误类型:文化信息错译、文化信息欠额和文化信息超额。跨越习语翻译障碍的途径主要有:直译,意译,及直译加注。
习语是指带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩的约定俗成的固定短语或短句,它是一种受文化影响而形成的语言形式,经过千锤百炼,言简意赅,意象鲜明生动,充分反映一个民族的文化特点。
一、汉、英习语语义的不对应性
由于经济体系、社会体系和观念体系差别很大,汉、英习语所包含的文化信息不同,而读者由于受到不同文化背景的影响对习语产生的联想意义的理解也不尽相同。这样就形成了汉、英习语语义上的不对应性或不完全对应性。
1.汉、英习语指称意义的不对应性
中西文化差异可以导致两种不对应或不完全对应的指称意义:译语文化中不存在原语中的指称对象;译语文化中的可比对象与原语中的指称对象有明显的不同。
例如,汉语中的“阿Q精神”和英语中的“Shylock’,分别来自鲁迅的《阿Q正传》及莎士比亚的Merchant of Ven-ice(《威尼斯商人》)。阿Q是“精神胜利法”的典型,受了屈辱,不敢正视,反而自我安慰,说自己是“胜利者”;而“Shy_lock’坝纽是个极度吝音的高利贷者。这两个人物在各自文化中家喻户晓,因此人们赋予了这两个词以指称意义,并在现实生活中加以应用。但是对于其他民族的人们来说,这种指称意义并不存在。
再如,莎士比亚将情人比作夏日:"Shall I compare theeto a summefs day"。对于中国人来说,这是不可理解的,因为与中国的夏日相连的是酷热和骄阳,怎可以用来与世上最美好的事物相比。实际上,英国的夏日不同于中国的夏日,它是温和、惬意的。这是由于中国大部分地区深处内陆,主要是温带大陆性气候;而英国是四面环海的岛国,主要是温带海洋性气候。这就形成了对夏日的不同理解。
2.汉、英习语联想意义的不对应性
中西文化的差异所导致的汉英习语联想意义的不对应性体现在三方面:具有联想意义的指称对象不为另一文化所熟悉;两文化具有相同的指称意义,但一个有联想意义,一个却没有联想意义;两文化具有相同的指称意义,但联想意义不同。
例如,汉语有体现中国传统思想的“不孝有三,无后为大”和“多子多福”等习语,这源于中国的宗族观念、家庭观念非常强烈。对于以个人为中心,家庭观念比较淡漠的西方人来说,这是很难理解的。
再如,“这里没有什么油水了”这个习语,中国人的饮食习惯导致中国人好油,中国人烹饪的大部分菜肴中离不开油,因此油就有了“值得一取的东西”的内涵意义。而对于以英语为母语的国家,人们认为油可以使人发胖,因此他们的饮食以清淡为主。对于他们来说,无论如何也无法将油与“值得一取的东西”联系起来。
在英语中有“as wise as an owl"这一习语,可见猫头鹰在英语民族中是智慧的象征。而在中国文化中,猫头鹰却被认为是不吉利的,认为猫头鹰会带来厄运。这种语义的不对应主要是由于观念体系的差异造成的。
二、习语翻译的错误类型
习语具有强烈的文化特征,是语言的核心与精华。习语翻译实际上是如何在译人语中处理由译出语的习语表现出的各种不同的文化特征的问题。中西文化的差异导致对习语理解上的障碍,以致出现三种翻译错误,产生语义非等值:文化信息错译、文化信息欠额和文化信息超额。
文化信息错译即错误地传达了习语的文化信息,是译文读者对文化内涵习语产生错误的联想意义。例如,有人将“三十六计,走为上策”译为“Of the thirty - six strate-gies, the best is to quit"。如果了解该习语的历史文化背景,就可以知道这种译文是错误的。“走为上策”是计策的名字,是三十六计的最后一计,说的是处在劣势的时候,“走”是上策,并不是说“走”是三十六计中最好的或最高明的一计。正确的译文应该是"The best thing to do now isto quit",
文化信息欠额是指译文没有揭示出原语符号所提供的文化信息。例如,“布衣蔬菜”在中国标志着生活俭朴。但在英美国家,蔬菜并非穷人专用,而是西方医生给饮食过量的百万富翁开的药方。因此,将其译为“wear cottonclothes and eat vegetable food”不能体现出原文所含的文化信息,容易使译文读者对译文产生错误的联想意义,导致理解上的偏差。因此((汉英辞典》(CED)译为“coarse clothesand simple fare"。
文化信息超额则指译文提供了原文所不具有的文化信息。例如英国翻译家David Hawkes在翻译《红楼梦》中刘姥姥说的话“谋事在人,成事在天”时,将其译为“Man pro-poses, God disposes",尽管译语流畅,符合英语行文习惯,然而超出了原语“成事在天”的“天”一词的文化内涵。刘姥姥是中国人,在Hawkes的笔下却成了__徒,显然与原文不符,应该将“God”换成“Heaven",这样,既符合刘姥姥的身份,英语国家的读者也看得懂。(朱耀先,1997:4)
三、跨越习语翻译障碍的途径
1、直译
直译是指按原来的意义和结构直接把原语的词句转换成译语的词句。(周流溪,1995;632)在古典名著《红楼梦》的不同译本中.杨宪益及其夫人所译的译文充分体现了中国的文化特质。如“真是‘天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福’……”,杨先生将其译为“Truly,`Storms gather without warning in nature. andbad luck befalls men overnight"’,充分保留了源语文化因素,保持了原文想象生动和独特的民族风格。汉语中也不乏外语直接译人的习语,如,"mld way’’(冷战),"Time is money"(时间就是金钱),"a stick and carrot policy"美国的大棒加胡萝卜政策), "All roads lead to Rome"(条条大陆通罗马)。直译可以传播源语文化,并丰富目的语的表达方式。不过需要注意的是.直译时不能生搬硬套,应该做到以不引起目的语读者误读误解为前提。
2、意译
意译即着眼于传达原文意义的翻译。(周流溪,1995)劳陇先生认为,翻译就是意译;维奈和达见尔内提倡的“间接翻译”也即意译。如,“走狗,,可译为“an evil follower"。又如,克林顿在访华的演说辞中曾巧妙地引用了中国的成语“实事求是":seeking truth from facts。翻译,无论是汉译外,还是外译汉,需要意译时,我们必须根据源语民族的文化传统、心理积淀来理解、把握,不能按照自己母语的惯性思维进行类推,否则便会造成误解,导致翻译中出现败笔。
3、直译加注
直译加注的方法在论及翻译方法的专著中很少提及,或未将其作为一种独立的方法列举出来。但是笔者认为,为使文化色彩浓厚的习语由源语进人译人语,并保持音、形、义、美的和谐统一,直译加注的方法不失为一种较佳方法。如,"O heart, lose not thy nature; let nit ever. Thesoul of Nero enter this firm bosom.”(Shakespeare: Ham-let)心啊!不要失去你的天性之情,永远不要让尼禄的灵魂潜人我这坚定的胸怀。(朱生豪译《哈姆莱特》)
“尼禄”是谁?为什么Shakspeare在此用这个词?为了使目的语读者能了解西方的文化,译者在译文中保留了原文的字面意义的同时,用脚注的形式对其加以诊释,即“尼禄,曾谋杀其母”。这一注解诊释了该典故的由来,目的语读者通过此典故的提示,便可以理解Hamlet既恨其母负情负义,却又不愿轼之的矛盾心理。
汉译英的典型例子如:
“难道这也是个痴’(头:又像擎儿来葬花不成?”因又笑道,“若真葬花,可谓‘东施效擎’了……”(《红楼梦》第30回)"Can this be another absurd maid come to bury flowerslike Taiyu?"he wondered in some amusement."If so, shesTung Shih imitating His Shih""…”His Sih was a famousbeauty in the ancient Kingdom of Yueh. Tung Shih was anugly girl who tried to imitate her way, ( A Dream of RedMansions, 1994)(杨宪益译)
四、结束语
傅雷先生在《翻译经验点滴》中说:“译者不深刻理解、体会与感受原作,决不可能叫读者理解、体会与感受—想译一部喜欢的作品要读四遍五遍,才能把情节、故事记得烂熟,分析彻底,人物历历在目,隐藏在字里行间的微言大义才能慢慢琢磨出来。”这正是对文化色彩浓厚的习语的翻译的不易与重要性的高度概括。
我们在翻译习语这一独特的语言形式时,要从语义等值这一标准出发,才能把握好文化信息的传递,解决文化差异的问题。译者必须努力提高自身的跨文化敏感性,不但要有双语能力,还要有双文化乃至多文化的知识,从而在双语交际过程中揭示文化信息,尽可能避免对汉英习语的误解或误译,以适应在不同文化环境中进行有效交际的需要,并将各民族的优秀文化传播四方。
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汉语字母词的出现丰富了现代汉语语言词汇系统,便于中西跨文化交际,但另一方面字母词的出现也是语言文化帝国主义在现代汉语中的表现,它破坏了现代汉语文字系统的纯洁性。本文探讨现代汉语字母词现象,并指出现代汉语字母词现象出现的必然性。
在跨文化交际的过渡阶段,跨文化与跨语言交际已经发展到一定的程度,为了克服在跨文化交际起步阶段用汉字单纯音译外来语词的缺陷,人们用汉字音意兼译外来语词。如把Beatles译成“披头士”会让人联想起乐手们演奏乐曲时长发飘散的潇洒形象;把coca-cola译成“可口可乐”会让人向往这种饮料的美昧,可口可乐之所以行销中国,其原因也在于此;把TOEFL译成“托福”,把意欲留学美国的中国学子的祈福心态描绘得活灵活现。其它经典的音意兼译佳作还有shampoo(香波),Benz(奔驰),Canon(佳能),talking show(脱口秀),Sumicidin(速灭杀丁),Broadway(百老汇)等等。
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